{"id":7898,"date":"2019-06-18T12:02:31","date_gmt":"2019-06-18T12:02:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/?page_id=7898"},"modified":"2019-06-19T12:30:01","modified_gmt":"2019-06-19T12:30:01","slug":"soil-testing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/soil-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil Testing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As the basic structural foundation for almost all construction, soil materials play an important role in the ultimate success of a project.<\/p>\n<p>During the design stage, it is important to carry out analysis of soil properties to determine its suitability for the proposed construction project.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Soil Sampling<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>IN-SITU Density (Sand Replacement Method)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Atterberg Limit<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Liquid Limit<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Plastic Limit<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Shrinkage Limit<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Particle Density<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Particle Size Distribution<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Compaction<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>California Bearing Ratio (CBR)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Soil Strength (Direct Shear)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Consolidation<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Soil Strength (Triaxial)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Soil Permeability (combination permeameter)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><a name=\"_Toc522565213\"><\/a>SOIL SAMPLING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Correct sampling and preparation of soil samples is necessary to obtain detailed information regarding the sub-surface structure and engineering characteristics of the area under investigation.<\/p>\n<p>Augers are used for boring in cohesive soils or sands and gravels. This equipment can be used to obtain disturbed or undisturbed samples at reasonable depths, subject to ground conditions.<\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7967 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hand-held-driven-auger.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hand-held-driven-auger.jpg 553w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hand-held-driven-auger-300x140.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Figure 1: Hand held driven auger<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7968 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sample-tubes.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sample-tubes.png 483w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sample-tubes-300x160.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Figure 2: Sample tubes<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Available fixtures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>100mm &amp; 150mm Soil auger\u00a0 head<\/li>\n<li>150mm Gravel\u00a0 and Sand auger\u00a0 head<\/li>\n<li>50mm dutch soil auger\u00a0 head<\/li>\n<li>Core-cutter (I 00 x 130mm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Location(s): available at Abuja &amp; Ota<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565214\"><\/a>IN-SITU DENSITY (SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD)<\/h2>\n<p>In-situ density is widely used to control the field compaction of earthworks and pavement layers<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7969 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sand-replacement-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sand-replacement-apparatus.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sand-replacement-apparatus-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 3: Sand replacement apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565215\"><\/a>ATTERBERG LIMIT<\/h2>\n<p>Atterberg limit tests are used to determine the critical water contents of fine-grained soils.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc522565216\"><\/a>LIQUID LIMIT<\/h3>\n<p>Liquid limit is the moisture content at which soil passes from the plastic to the liquid state. This can be determined using the; The Casangrande method and Cone penetrometer method.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7971 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Casangrande-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"368\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Casangrande-apparatus.jpg 368w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Casangrande-apparatus-288x300.jpg 288w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 4: Casangrande apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7972 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Cone-penetrometer-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"458\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Cone-penetrometer-apparatus.jpg 458w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Cone-penetrometer-apparatus-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><em><strong>Figure 5: Cone penetrometer apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc522565217\"><\/a>PLASTIC LIMIT<\/h3>\n<p>Plastic limit is the lowest moisture content of a soil that will permit a sample to be rolled into threads of 3mm diameter without the threads breaking. This is determined using the Plastic limit test set<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7973 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Plastic-limit-apparatus.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"213\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 6: Plastic limit apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc522565218\"><\/a>SHRINKAGE LIMIT<\/h3>\n<p>Shrinkage limit is the maximum moisture content at which the soil stops shrinking when dried. Linear shrinkage is determined using the shrinkage mould.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7974 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Shrinkage-mould.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"315\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Shrinkage-mould.jpg 315w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Shrinkage-mould-300x152.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\" \/><em><strong>Figure 7: Shrinkage mould<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565219\"><\/a>PARTICLE DENSITY<\/h2>\n<p>Particle density is a measure of the actual particles which make up the soil mass. It is used when calculating porosity, voids and when compaction and consolidated properties are being investigated<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7975 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Pyknometers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Pyknometers.jpg 402w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Pyknometers-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><em><strong>Figure 8: Pyknometers<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7976 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Density-bottles.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"184\" \/><em><strong>Figure 9: Density bottles<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This can be determined using the Pyknometers and Density bottles (25ml, 50ml &amp; 100ml)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565220\"><\/a>PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION<\/h2>\n<p>Analysis of soils by particle size provides useful engineering classification system from which a considerable amount of empirical data can be obtained. This can be determined using the Sieve analysis for gravel and sand size particles and sedimentation analysis for fine materials such as silt and clay<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7977\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sieve-shaker-with-complete-set-of-sieve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sieve-shaker-with-complete-set-of-sieve.jpg 494w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sieve-shaker-with-complete-set-of-sieve-247x300.jpg 247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 10: Sieve shaker with complete set of sieve<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7978 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sedimentation-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sedimentation-apparatus.jpg 468w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Sedimentation-apparatus-266x300.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><strong>Figure 11: Sedimentation apparatus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>SIEVE SET<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>200mm Dia BS Sieve 63 \u00b5m, 75 \u00b5m, 150 \u00b5m, 212 \u00b5m, 300 \u00b5m, 425 \u00b5m, 600 \u00b5m, 1.18mm and 2mm Stainless Steel Mesh<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565221\"><\/a>COMPACTION<\/h2>\n<p>Soil compaction is the process of increasing the density of soil by packing the soil particles closer together causing a reduction in the volume of air present in the samples. This can be achieved using the Automatic Soil Compactor<\/p>\n<p><strong>Available fixtures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>With accessories for light and heavy compaction (CBR)<\/li>\n<li>With manual compaction accessories (2.5kg, 5kg)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7979 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Automatic-Soil-Compactor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Automatic-Soil-Compactor.jpg 415w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Automatic-Soil-Compactor-208x300.jpg 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><strong>Figure 12: Automatic Soil Compactor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565222\"><\/a>CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO<\/h2>\n<p>California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is an empirical test used for estimating the bearing value of highway sub-bases and sub-grades.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Available fixtures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>With accessories for soaked and un-soaked CBR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7980 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/CBR-test-machine.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/CBR-test-machine.jpg 520w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/CBR-test-machine-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 13: CBR test machine<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565223\"><\/a>SOIL STRENGTH (DIRECT SHEAR)<\/h2>\n<p>The direct shear test is used to determine the consolidated drained shear strength of a soil sample.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Available fixtures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>With accessories for testing 60mm sq. and 100mm sq. samples sizes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7981 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Direct-shear-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Direct-shear-apparatus.jpg 444w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Direct-shear-apparatus-254x300.jpg 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 14: Direct shear apparatus<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565224\"><\/a>CONSOLIDATION<\/h2>\n<p>The Oedometer Consolidation determines the rate and magnitude of consolidation of a soil specimen with low permeability. Tests are carried out on specimens pre\u2022 pared from undisturbed samples.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7983 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Consolidation-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Consolidation-apparatus.jpg 561w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Consolidation-apparatus-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 15: Consolidation apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565225\"><\/a>SOIL STRENGTH (TRIAXIAL)<\/h2>\n<p>Triaxial tests are used to investigate the stress-strain relationships in undisturbed, remoulded or compacted soil samples.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7984 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Triaxial-test-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"582\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Triaxial-test-apparatus.jpg 582w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Triaxial-test-apparatus-291x300.jpg 291w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 16:\u00a0 Triaxial test apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc522565226\"><\/a>SOIL PERMEABILITY (COMBINATION PERMEAMETER)<\/h2>\n<p>The combination permeameter apparatus is a combination of the constant head and falling head permeability set which is used to study the behavior of relatively coarse grained soils such as sands and gravels; fine grained soils such as clay-like or silty soils with respect to water flow.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7985 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Combination-permeameter-apparatus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Combination-permeameter-apparatus.jpg 239w, https:\/\/nbrri.gov.ng\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Combination-permeameter-apparatus-120x300.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" \/>Figure 17: Combination permeameter apparatus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the basic structural foundation for almost all construction, soil materials play an important role in the ultimate success of a project. 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